From 69ae382ed6aa03de48e57d9f5c9e01ccc468a92d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jerry Jacobs Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 07:29:29 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Full until CMC --- chapters/99-1-chemical-ascorbic-acid.md | 2 +- chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-carbonate.md | 4 ++++ chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-chlorate.md | 4 ++++ chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-carbonate.md | 16 +++++++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-nitrate.md | 12 +++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-sulfate.md | 11 ++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-charcoal.md | 10 ++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-chloroform.md | 14 +++++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-chlorowax.md | 14 +++++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-clay.md | 10 +++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-cmc.md | 14 +++++++++----- drafts/Chemical-list.md | 6 +++--- 12 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-ascorbic-acid.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-ascorbic-acid.md index 687ca0e..5473435 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-ascorbic-acid.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-ascorbic-acid.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ $C6H8O6$ **Pyrotechnic use** -Fuel for the composition Golden Powder, a black powder subsitute. +Fuel for the composition Golden Powder, a black powder substitute. **Synonyms** diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-carbonate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-carbonate.md index 7d098e1..7c2572d 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-carbonate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-carbonate.md @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ $BaCO3$ +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Green and white colorant + **Synonyms** Barium mono-carbonate, Carbonic acid barium salt diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-chlorate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-chlorate.md index e420ebf..0f937e3 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-chlorate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-barium-chlorate.md @@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ $BaClO3$ +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Oxidiser and green colorant + **Synonyms** TBD diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-carbonate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-carbonate.md index 0b4e096..6012a41 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-carbonate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-carbonate.md @@ -2,20 +2,26 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CaCO3$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Colorant **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Precipitated chalk, Limestone, Calcite, Carbonic acid calcium salt. **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Colorless powder. It slowly reacts with NH4ClO4 in presence of moisture. Calcium carbonate is often used in toy fireworks as a cheap substitute for strontium salts, but the flame is reddish orange and not so beautiful as e.g. with SrCO3. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +A cheap source is the ceramics supply. Price is about $3/kg for the technical grade. you can also get it easely by powdering clean egg shells. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Xi + +Dust may cause irritation to eyes, skin or respiratory system. Wear gloves, protection goggles and dust mask when manipulating fine powder. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-nitrate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-nitrate.md index c4512d5..04b3400 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-nitrate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-nitrate.md @@ -2,20 +2,22 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Ca(NO3)2$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Norwegian saltpeter **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Calcium nitrate is the calcium salt of nitric acid. It's extremly hygroscopic, much more than Sodium nitrate. Because of that it's not used much in pyrotechnics. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Calcium nitrate is used as a fertiliser. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +O + +Calcium nitrate is an oxidiser, store separate from fuels and acids. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-sulfate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-sulfate.md index 4b5e6eb..5089245 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-sulfate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-calcium-sulfate.md @@ -2,20 +2,21 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CaSO4.x H2O$ where x= ~0.5 or 2 **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +1. Hemihydrate = Plaster of Paris, Crystacal, Densite, Gypsum hemihydrate, Tiger stone +2. Dihydrate = Gypsum, Alabaster **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +The hemihydrate (x=~0.5) is commonly known as plaster of Paris. The dihydrate (x=2) occurs as a mineral known as gypsum. Calcium sulfate can be used as a high temperature oxidizer in orange color compositions. Excellent strobe compositions can be made with it. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Plaster can be used as is in strobe and exotic flash compositions, but is better to remove the water which is easily accomplished by heating. Plaster of Paris can be bought at hardware vendors and is often sold in hobby shops. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Calcium sulfate dihydrate may act as an eye or respiratory irritant. Wear safety glasses and dust mask. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-charcoal.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-charcoal.md index 47e506e..7c8762d 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-charcoal.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-charcoal.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +Mixture with variable composition, generally of empirical formula $C8H4O$ **Synonyms** @@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Charcoal finds widespread use in pyrotechnics. Many types of charcoal exist, each with its own properties. It is a complex organic substance containing moisture, ash, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a variety of volatiles. All of these elements have a vital use in fireworks. Charcoal made from willow or grapevine is considered great for black powder, while hardwood charcoals e.g. pine charcoal are commonly used for spark effects. The particle size and the process used to make the charcoal also play an important role in the quality of the charcoal for a specific purpose. Very fine charcoal floats in air and is therefore sometimes referred to as 'airfloat'. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Barbeque briquettes are mixed with clay and are not suitable for making black powder. Charcoal can be purchased from supermarkets, BBQ supply stores and directly from online pyrotechnic chemical suppliers. Charcoal can easily be prepared at home. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Xi + +Fine charcoal dust is easily breathed in, and a dust mask should be worn when working with it. Freshly prepared charcoal can be pyrophoric even when not powdered and it must be allowed to stand for a day at least before it is used in any compositions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-chloroform.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-chloroform.md index f2e7c78..7232913 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-chloroform.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-chloroform.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CHCl3$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Non-polar solvent **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +trichloromethane, methyl trichloride **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Chloroform is often used as a non-polar solvent. It is also used an anaesthetic, however it has a higher toxicity as well as being an environmental hazard. It is more commonly found in refrigerants in today's usage. And has a molar mass of 119.38g/mol. It has a melting point of -63.5°C, a boiling point of 61.2°C, and a density of 1.48g/cm^3, liquid. It's solubility in water is 0.8g/100mL at 20°C making it insoluble in water. It's flash-point is specified as non-flammable. It is a common solvent since it's usually nonreactive and miscible with most organic liquids where it may be volatile. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +TBD **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Xn Xi, Carcinogen diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-chlorowax.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-chlorowax.md index bb85926..4a664be 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-chlorowax.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-chlorowax.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +TBD + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Chlorine donor **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Chlorowax is a type of chlorinated paraffin resin, in the form of a cream colored powder. It is used as a chlorine donor (contains 70% chlorine). Chlorinated paraffins are used as secondary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Chlorinated paraffins are also used as extreme pressure additives in metal-machining fluids or as metal-working lubricants or cutting oils because of their viscous nature, compatibility with oils, and property of releasing hydrochloric acid at elevated temperatures. They are added to paints, coatings and sealants to improve resistance to water and chemicals, which is most suitable when they are used in marine paints, as coatings for industrial flooring, vessels and swimming pools and as road marking paints. Solvents are xylene, acetone and alcohol. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +TBD **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Unknown diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-clay.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-clay.md index 1cb609a..004ba22 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-clay.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-clay.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +Mixture with variable composition **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Different types of clay are used for nozzles, plugs or filler. Of all the types of clay in use bentonite and kaolin are probably the most common. Ground kitty litter is a cheap alternative and works well. Clay is a very important in making fireworks. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +As mentioned, kitty litter can be a cheap source of clay. A cheap variety of non-clumping kitty litter can be ground (mortar and pestle or ball mill) and sieved to obtain a fine powder which is easily pressed into a compact pellet. Bentonite and kaolin clay are also available from ceramic supply stores. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Clay is not particularly toxic or dangerous, but bentonite has shown to case cancer in animals but the evidence is unclear. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-cmc.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-cmc.md index 3002296..d9ae00b 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-cmc.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-cmc.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$[C6H7O2(OH) x (OCH2COONa)y]n$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Binder **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC sodium salt, Sodium cellulose carboxymethyl ether, Cellulose gum, Cellulose glycolic acid sodium salt, Sodium cellulose glycolate **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +An off-white fine powder, readily soluble in water. Can be used as a thickening agent and/or binder, likewise dextrin. CMC is commonly used as an abbreviation for Sodium Carboxy-Methyl Cellulose **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Hardware stores, as wallpaper adhesive. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Fire hazard (dust), mild eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, skin irritation/allergic dermatitis, non-toxic if ingested small amounts, do not induce vomiting. diff --git a/drafts/Chemical-list.md b/drafts/Chemical-list.md index 5e775fc..909ffd0 100644 --- a/drafts/Chemical-list.md +++ b/drafts/Chemical-list.md @@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ calcium carbonate calcium nitrate calcium sulfate charcoal -X charcoal substitutes -X chlorine donor +X TODO charcoal substitutes +X TODO chlorine donor chloroform chlorowax clay colophonium -X color producing agents +X TODO color producing agents copal gum copper (i) chloride copper (ii) chloride