From 0474da83f1de40babcb60f16252df2f49c813331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jerry Jacobs Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 07:04:24 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Fill in until cryolite --- chapters/99-1-chemical-colophonium.md | 16 +++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copal-gum.md | 14 ++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetate.md | 20 ++++++++++---- .../99-1-chemical-copper-acetoarsenite.md | 14 ++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-benzoate.md | 14 ++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-carbonate.md | 17 ++++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-chromite.md | 10 +++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-oxychloride.md | 21 +++++++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-sulfate.md | 27 ++++++++++++++----- chapters/99-1-chemical-copper.md | 14 ++++++---- chapters/99-1-chemical-cryolite.md | 16 ++++++----- 11 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-colophonium.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-colophonium.md index 7019ee2..d6a8f27 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-colophonium.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-colophonium.md @@ -2,20 +2,26 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +Mixture of compounds, mainly abietic acid, $C20O2H30$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Binder, fuel-binder. **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Colophony resin, wood resin, pine resin **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Colophonium is an alcohol soluble resin which is sometimes used as a binder and as a fuel-binder combination . As such it is not used very often since it is expensive and doesn't have much adhesion capacity. Shimizu discerns two different types of colophony. One type is called wood resin and strongly smells of wood or somewhat like an aetheric oil. This is the common resin. Another type he names "combustion agent bl" in some of his books and this is sold as a natural phenolic resin called Vinsol, available at some pyro suppliers. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Artist paint stores often sell colophonium. It is also used by violin players, for the treatment of wooden floors and in the paper industry. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Xi + +Colophonium is not particularly toxic or dangerous. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copal-gum.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copal-gum.md index 9c484f0..74bf3b9 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copal-gum.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copal-gum.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +Mixture of compounds + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Alcohol soluble binder **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +An expensive yellowish-brown resin collected from Copal trees in East Indonesia. It is most likely an obsolete binder\auxiliary fuel that was previous used by the Chinese or Indonesians. Copal gum is soluble in alcohol. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +TBD **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Copal gum is a non-carcinogenic material that is slightly flammable at high temperatures and has a health hazard rating of one. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetate.md index 5288fd2..e087519 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetate.md @@ -2,20 +2,30 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Cu(CH,3COO)2$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Blue colorant **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Cupric acetate **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +It has recently been used in some blue star formulas as a replacement for Paris green. Although it is sometimes said that the color is equally good, this remains doubtful since the acetate does not contain arsenic, which is essential in mediating the chlorine transfer to the copper. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Simple synthesis + +Method 1: Cu(CH,3COO)2 can be produced by the reaction between Copper (II) oxide (CuO),Copper carbonate (basic) (CuCO3), and/or Copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) and Acetic acid (vinegar works). Evaporate to obtain crystals. These will be contaminated with Acetic acid, so dissolve and recrystallize them in distilled water to obtain purer product. + +Method 2: Dissolve copper metal in a warm Acetic acid by adding hydrogen peroxide or bubbling air through the solution. Evaporate to obtain crystals. These will be contaminated with Acetic acid, so dissolve and recrystallize them in distilled water to obtain purer product. + +Method 3: Dissolve Calcium carbonate in Acetic acid to form Calcium acetate. Add this slowly to a Copper sulfate solution to precipitate insoluble Calcium sulfate, leaving Copper acetate in solution. Filter and, if you want crystals, dry. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +TBD diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetoarsenite.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetoarsenite.md index c92cac8..a144006 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetoarsenite.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-acetoarsenite.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Cu3As2O3Cu(C2H3O2)2$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Blue colorant **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Paris Green **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper acetoarsenite is a green powder which is used in blue color compositions. It can produce great blues but it is also very poisonous and is used less and less for that reason. Today alternatives are available that will produce deep blues with less poisonous and cheaper compounds. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Copper acetoarsenite was used in the past as a pigment known as emerald green, kings green or vienna green. Nowadays it is no longer used and it is very hard to find a paint supplier that still has it. It can be prepared at home but extreme caution must be excercised since arsenic compounds are very poisonous. The following preparation originates from Shimizu: "300 g of copper sulphate is dissolved in 1000 ml water, to which 250 g of glacial acetic acid is added; This solution is named 'A'. Then 200 g of sodium carbonate and 200 g of arsenious acid (comment: note that this is an aqueous solution of arsenic-III-oxide, which is a strong poison) are added to 1000 ml water and boiled to form a solution, this is named 'B'. B is added little by little to A with constant stirring. Carbon dioxide gas is generated with active bubbling. When all the solution B has been added, it is boiled for about 30 minutes, when copper acetoarsenite appears gradually as green particles in the solution. The mother liquor is removed by vacuum filtration, and then green substance, copper acetoarsenite, is washed with water untill the sulphate ion dissapears; it is then dried. The yield is about 180 g." **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Copper acetoarsenite is very poisonous and should only be handled wearing a dust mask. Smoke from compositions containing this compound should not be inhaled. It is best to avoid the use of this compound altogether as several safer alternatives have become available in the past decades. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-benzoate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-benzoate.md index 287bef0..0536f93 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-benzoate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-benzoate.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Cu(C6H5COO)2$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper benzoate is a fuel which is used in some blue color compositions. It is not used very often as it is more expensive than most alternatives. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Some specialised chemical vendors supply the material. Alternatively it can be manufactured without great difficulty via two different routes. In one, Benzoic acid and Copper carbonate are boiled in water until the reaction is complete. In the the other route, described in the following synthesis tutorial, the material is obtained from a solution of sodium or potassium benzoate and a soluble copper salt. When these solutions are added together a green precipitate of copper benzoate forms. This is filtered, thoroughly rinsed with hot water and left to dry. + +**Synthesis** + +TBD **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Copper benzoate is poisonous and should be handled wearing a dust mask diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-carbonate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-carbonate.md index abf48b7..312c907 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-carbonate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-carbonate.md @@ -2,20 +2,27 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CuCO3.Cu(OH)2$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Malachite **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +A beautiful light blue to deeper blue powder, which sometimes is used as a pigment. Used as a blue flame colorant in low temperature class compositions of the potassium (per)chlorate base or in compositons of the ammonium perchlorate base. The resulting blue is weaker than that using Paris green or CuSO4. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Pyro suppliers, ceramic supply store (used for glazing, ceramic grade copper carbonate sometimes might contain acidic impurities left from production and should therefore be tested). +**Synthesis** + +Method 1: Dissolve a soluble copper compound (Copper acetate, Copper (II) chloride, or Copper sulfate for example) in as little distilled water as possible. Make a seperate solution of Sodium carbonate or Sodium bicarbonate in as little distilled water as possible. Mix these two solutions slowly and Copper carbonate will precipitate out. (if you are using Sodium bicarbonate there will be a lot of fizzing) Filter, wash with distilled water, and allow to dry without heating it. (sunlight is OK) + +Method 2: Add Copper hydroxide to Carbonic acid (tonic water) and Copper carbonate will precipitate out. Filter, wash with distilled water, and allow to dry without heating it. (sunlight is OK) **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Xn + +TBD diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-chromite.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-chromite.md index 4cfde3b..a9f7623 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-chromite.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-chromite.md @@ -2,20 +2,20 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CuCr2O4$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper chromite is employed as a catalyst is certain rocket propellants. It is typically added in 1 to 5% quantities to whistle or composite rocket fuels which increases the burn rate. A range of other catalysts exist which can often be substituted for copper chromite. Examples are Iron oxide (red) and Manganese dioxide. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Copper chromite is very hard to make or obtain other than from dedicated pyro chemicals suppliers. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Copper chromite is poisonous and should be handled wearing a dust mask. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-oxychloride.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-oxychloride.md index f7d1624..c63709a 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-oxychloride.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-oxychloride.md @@ -2,20 +2,31 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$[3CuO.CuCl2•3.5H2O]$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Blue colorant **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Copper(II)oxychloride, tricopper chloride trihydroxide, copper chloride oxide hydrate **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper oxychloride is a green powder used as blue color agent, is a basic copper chloride and is usually manufactured either by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper metal or by the air oxidation of cuprous chloride suspensions. It has a number of applications, by far the most important being as an agricultural fungicide, for which purpose it is extensively employed in formulated form as dusts, wettable powders and pastes. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Pyro suppliers such as Skylighter. + +**Synthesis** + +Copper oxychloride can be produce easily at home from metallic copper. First, the electrolysis of copper anode in KCl/NaCl solution, will yield copper I oxide (red). The oxide is washed to remove alkali ion by repeated decantations. Then hydrochloric acid is mixed with the washed oxide in a very stochiometric quantity. Not enough is best and easier but yield impure end product. The solution is then bubbled through with air to convert CuCl to Oxychloride and CuCl2 following this reaction: + +6 CuCl + 3/2 O2 + 3 H2O → 2 Cu3Cl2(OH)4 + CuCl2 +This process can take more than 2 day with an aquarium pump. Be sure to recover and boil down CuCl2 produce too. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Overexposure can lead to nausea, diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, headaches, weakness, and possible liver and kidney damage. May cause irritation of eyes, nasal passages, throat and skin. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-sulfate.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-sulfate.md index fd23a20..2794b6c 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-sulfate.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper-sulfate.md @@ -2,20 +2,35 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$CuSO4.5H2O$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Copper sulfate, cupric sulfate, blue vitriol, bluestone, Chalcanthite **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula CuSO4. This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. It is used as a blue flame colorant in ammonium perchlorate based compositions where it sometimes substitutes the more expensive Paris green. The resulting blue color is almost as good as with the latter. It is not easily scattered and not anywhere near as toxic. Small amounts of copper sulfate are contained even in mineral waters. Copper sulfate can be used as a minor oxidizer and in combination with finely powdered Mg can be used as a pressure sensitive composition due to the waters of hydration (this is very unstable though). Copper sulfate is not good for colored flash experimentation,though. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Pyro suppliers, paint stores, drugstore (in Europe at least it can be bought to keep your pool clean, works great for that purpose) is also available as a copper patina for stained glass. (must be evaporated as it is in a solution) may also be available as a fungicide for gardens depending upon the demographic in your area. + +**Synthesis** + +Copper sulfate can be produced by the use of a "piranha" solution. + +H2SO4+H2O2+Cu--->CuSO4x5H2O + + +Copper sulfate can also be synthesized by electrolysis of a solution of sulfuric acid with a copper anode, which forms H2 gas at the cathode and CuSO4 by the following reaction. + +Cu(s)+2H+(aq)--->Cu2+(aq)+H2 (g) + +The sulfate from the sulfuric acid is unchanged by this reaction, giving an end product of a solution of CuSO4. This must be done with an excess of sulfuric acid, since when the acid is depleted this will begin to form a mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuO. **Hazards** - -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. + +N, Xn, Xi + +Due to its acidic nature it must not be used together with chlorates or phosphorus. Nonetheless it can be used with perchlorates or nitrates. Copper sulfate is toxic and used in lakes to kill sea weed. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper.md index c869bab..58cf5f7 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-copper.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Cu$ + +**Pyrotechnic use** + +Fuel **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +TBD **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Copper powder is a rusty orange colored fine powder which was used not so long ago in the manufacture of stars to achieve a green and blue colors. Atomized powder is particularly well suited to the strobe applications. It is no longer used today as it is replaced with chemicals like barium and copper oxides. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Copper powder can be purchased through craft or ceramic stores. **Hazards** -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. +The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water. diff --git a/chapters/99-1-chemical-cryolite.md b/chapters/99-1-chemical-cryolite.md index 9bed18a..6ee6c8c 100644 --- a/chapters/99-1-chemical-cryolite.md +++ b/chapters/99-1-chemical-cryolite.md @@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ **Formula** -$C2H5OH$ +$Na3(AlF6)$ **Synonyms** -Alcohol, Undenatured Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, Dehydrated Alcohol, Spiritus +Sodium Aluminum Fluoride, Sodium fluoaluminate **Description** -Ethanol is used as a solvent. Red gum and shellac, two common binders both dissolve in ethanol well. Ethanol/water mixtures are also often used since the ethanol increases the 'wetness' of the water (it reduces the surface tension of the water) and reduces the solubility of common oxidisers. +Used as a non-hygroscopic yellow colouring agent in some star compositions. **Sources** -Chemically pure ethanol can be quite expensive due to increased tax, unless it is used for laboratory purposes. Denaturated alcohol (usually a mixture of ethanol and methanol) has been made undrinkable and therefore a lot cheaper. It can be used for pyro purposes. Some types of denaturated alcohol exist with other chemicals mixed in besides methanol to make it undrinkable and recognisable as such (colorants etc). I have no idea what these extra additives are and whether they can cause problems in compositions. I have been using 'spiritus' (a well known type of denaturated alcohol in The Netherlands) for several years without problems. +Pyrotechnic supplies, such as skylighter. **Hazards** - -Ethanol is flammable and volatile. Ethanol vapour is heavier than air and spreads over the ground. Provide adequate ventilation when working with ethanol. + +T, N + +_Acute_: Poison by ingestion. Large doses of overexposure cause severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal burning and cramp-like pains. Contact with skin and eyes may cause irritation. Inhalation can cause irritation to mucous membranes and respiratory tracts.  + +_Chronic_: May cause fluorosis, which is a condition affecting the bones and teeth.